تفسیری ادب میں مسلم اقلیتوں کے حقوق کا فقہی مطالعہ

Abstract

This research article presents a jurisprudential study of the rights of Muslim minorities within the domain of  Tafsir literature. It explores how classical and contemporary Qur’anic commentators have addressed the legal and social status of Muslims living under non Muslim rule. The study begins by tracing the historical emergence of minority fiqh as a distinct discipline, highlighting the shift from classical paradigms of territorial division to modern realities of Muslim diaspora communities. Key Qur’anic verses regarding justice, covenant, peaceful coexistence, and religious freedom are examined through the lens of major exegetes such as  Imam Tabari,Imam Qurtubi,Imam Ibn Kathir, and modern interpreters like Dr. Rashid Rida and Sayyid Qutb Shaheed. The research identifies core jurisprudential principles including the obligation to obey non Muslim laws as long as religious practice remains possible, the concept of dar al-aman abode of safety, the permissibility of non Muslim citizenship, and the suspension of certain ritual duties under duress. It further analyzes how commentators interpret verses on loyalty walayah, migration hijrah, and protection of places of worship. The article concludes that exegetical tradition offers a flexible, context sensitive framework that balances religious identity preservation with civic integration. While classical rulings often assumed Muslim political dominance, contemporary exegesis has evolved to address minority challenges such as usury, inheritance, dietary laws, and participation in non Muslim political systems. The study emphasizes that human dignity, contractual ethics, and avoidance of harm represent the spiritual backbone of minority rights in Islam. Ultimately, the exegetical heritage provides not rigid answers but methodological tools for deriving contextually relevant legal opinions that safeguard Muslim faith while honoring citizenship commitments.